:13ouuoia 晚生不才。。。上了几节四级的写作课~~摆渡了一下老师的笔记。。要点如下：：
一．论点论点就是我们在文章中所持的观点，有总论点和分论点。其实我感觉就是理由~考场是的时间是很有限的，所以迅速找出论点很主要。所以就有了下面的这些东西，最大程度上和你的论点相关起来。可以说是很万能的论点，很多文章都可以应用。1. 健康（营养、放松心情、身体素质、食品安全、生活习惯、烟酒、身体伤害、安全、生命、财产）2. 便利（节省时间，时间灵活，交通，休闲，娱乐，吃喝，购物）3. 交流（交流技巧，与家人，父母，朋友，同学，同事，领导，网友交流）4. 习惯与心理（风俗，习惯，兴趣，亲情，友情，爱情，乐趣）5. 成就感“sense of achievement”(成功，荣誉感，财富，自信，动力 “motivation”（正面），
压力 “pressure”（负面），荣誉感“sense of honor”）6. 环保（生态平衡，动物植物的保护，环境污染---水，空气，光，噪声，辐射。。。，
生态平衡 “ecological balance”）7. 经济（工资，收入支出，资金“fund”，投资 “investment”，节约 “save”，
旅游 “tourism”，就业 “employment”，效益 “profit”，税收 “tax”）8. 品格（有经验，能干、聪明，合作，坚忍不拔，上进，独立，负责任，宽容，乐观，谦虚，勇敢，
善良）有经验：experienced...能干：ability, capable, competent...合作：cooperate, cooperative...坚忍不拔:persevere, perseverance, persevering...上进：aggressive...独立：independent...负责任：responsibility, responsible...宽容：tolerate, tolerant, tolerance...乐观：optimistic...谦虚：modest...善良：kind...9. 科技，教育与培训（科学技术的发展---电脑，电视,卫星，机器人,知识的积累，职业的选择，效率） 以上的这些都可以作为你的论点，理由。这些就是所谓的万能的理由，要是把这些记下来，估计遇到什么作文都有理由写了~~~理由不能太具体，否则不宜展开。各理由的关系：必须是并列关系。理由的排列顺序必须要符合逻辑顺序。
本帖最后由 yuweui 于 2010-7-24 16:33 编辑
二．文章的结构（这个非常重点）文章的结构是非常重要的，在许铁的《作文满分》中，他也强调这个问题了。因为在考官看一个人的作文的时候，他第一点就会提取考生的作文结构。要是结构是不清晰，作文会毫不犹豫的定格在3分，因为在给分标准里面这个有明确的规定~ 考官对于一篇作文的评判时间简直太少了，我们得尽快让他们知道我们要表达的东西，所以作文的结构是非常重要的。 我摘录一下许铁的《满分作文》的原话--------“托福作文考官在批作文的时候，希望能够一眼就把你文章的框架看透彻了。也就是说，考官批作文的过程是，他首先会把文章的骨架提取出来，这样他就可以决定你的文章是4分还是3分。如果你的文章结构很混乱，那么他会毫不犹豫的把分数打到3分，至于你的文笔怎么样，他就不会多看了；而如果你的结构清晰，那么他会认为你的这篇文章至少是4分的文章，然后再看你的文笔，看是否打到了5分的标准”。 -----这就是他的原话，可见作文的结构是多么的重要。 先说戴云，也就是网络课堂上的有关结果的东西。文章的结构：推荐五段式-------主体3段，开头1段，结尾1段~还可以应用的结构：四段式-----------主体2段，开头1段，结尾1段
本帖最后由 yuweui 于 2010-7-24 16:25 编辑
主体框架（此部分推荐听一下4-5的这个讲解）1+1四段模式的支持面的理由两点充分论述如：人们为什么上大学？1. 为将来的职业做准备2. 学习知识 2+1A型------支持面的理由两点充分论述+支持面的另一个理由简略论述~B型------支持面的优点两点充分论述+反对面的缺点一到两点简略论述~ 2-1（重点推荐）A型
（第一段必须表明观点）（题目涉及到了2个项目）支持面优点两点充分论述+反面的优点一到两点简略论述。例如：住大城市还是小城镇？ 1.写明观点：住大城市 2.大城市好处一 3.大城市好处二 4.转说小城镇的好处一和好处二 5.虽然小镇。。。。。。，但是大城市。。。。。。，所以选大城市。 B型
（题目只涉及到一个项目）支持面的优点两点充分论述+支持面的缺点一到两点简单论述 例如：建工厂还是不建工厂？ 1.建工厂 2.建工厂的好处一和好处二 3.建工厂的坏处一和坏处二 4.虽然。。。。。。但是。。。。。。，所以。。。。。再如：住校内还住校外 1.住校内 2.住校内的好处一和好处二 3.住校外的好处一和好处二 4.虽然校外好处。。。。。但是住校内好处。。。。。。。，所以选择住校内。 戴云说这个模式，很多的作文都是实用的。
把问题的正反两面都说了出来，内容多，而且证明思考是缜密的~上面重点推荐的2-1型有2种模式。这两种模式是有区别的，不知道你注意到了没有。简单的说就是就是A型提出两种问题-----甲和乙，在认为甲好的情况下还要顾及到乙的好。
而B型是只提出一个问题----甲，而是从甲的正反两个方面来论述。
本帖最后由 yuweui 于 2010-7-24 16:25 编辑
文章开头的写法-----5~6句话 80~90个字1.背景法背景+论题+各方论点和理由+作者的论点和理由具体方式：背景+论题+反方观点+（反方理由）+过度+（正方观点）+作者论点+作者理由简化：背景+论题+作者论点+作者理由典型的过度句：different people hold different perspectives on this issue.怎么写背景：1）提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象（紧扣论题）作为背景。 2）从远到近，由大到小地谈论进口论题的社会观点作为背景。 2.事例法（重点推荐）事例+论题+官方观点（和理由）+作者论点和理由事态的转换问题事例的三种方法：1）.媒体（电视，电台，报纸，杂志和网络）的报道-------可以编 2）．朋友，邻居，同事的故事 3）.句型集（就是之前的那个讲义，电子版的，上面有很多句型的）----句型集是最好掌握的，因为就像一个模板似的，熟练掌握4个~~~~3．问题法-----不常用4．引语法-----不常用主题句的要求：1.主题句必须是陈述句 2.必须标明观点 3.态度必须坚决 4.每段都得有主题句 5.通常首段在末句，后段在首句。结尾的写法总结全文（论题和各方观点）重述论点和理由提出建议、解决问题、深化意义
黄金句型---黄金规则四（此部分的内容比较多）这个也是秘籍，好像是终极秘籍~1. 强调句 1~2句2. the more……the more….. 1~2句3. 倒装句 2~3句4. 比较结构和背书关系 1~2句5. 修辞问句 1~2句6. 并列结构 2~3句7. 虚拟语气 1~2句8. 插入语 2~3句 以上这些句型，是让文章的句子看上去更高级，更富于变化~~~ 所以尽量用以上8项是戴云给出的，标注红色的是《高分作文中》提及的~后面的数字，是推荐在文章中出现几句这样的句型~~~以下开始具体讲解~~~~
1.强调句~~~It is ……that (who) 当被强调的对象为人时，使用“who”It is in the family of native speaker that you can learn the language most effectively~ 2.the more……the more….
与（more and more 不同）1）the more beautiful a girl is, the fewer boys court her2) the more frequently we communicate with family members, the more harmorious the relationship in the family between us is.
3.倒装句1） so …..that… (前提是so +形容词) The girl is so beautiful that she remains single today.So beautiful is the girl that she remains single today.注意改变了了的地方是前面，后面是没有变化的。
注意前提是so后面是形容词 The classroom is so big that it may hold ten thousands students.So big is the classroom that it may hold ten thousands students. Her eyes are so big that we don’t need the lights.So big are her eyes that we don’t need the lights. He runs so fast that the train can’t catch up with him.So fast does he run that the train can’t catch up with him. The scientist worked so hard that he forgot his lunch.So hard did the scientist work that he forgot his lunch.以上都是so…that…句型的倒装转化。So that 句型应该是比较常见的吧~ 2）
as…..as……(the more…the more…)
比较结构，只要使用比较结构就可以实现倒装。虽然A有些有点，但是B的更加明显。。。。。。I run faster than he does.I run faster than does he. I swim as well as Tom did.I swim as well as did Tom. 3) 表示地点，位置，范围，处所的状语或表语提前至句首。My sister is among those students.Among those students is my sister. New oriental school lies in zhonggangcun.In zhongguansun lies new oriental school.
4) 分词或形容词短语提前至段首。主语+定语+be+形容词/过去分词/不及物动词现在分词+介词+名词+定语主语+定语+be+及物动词现在分词+名词+定语My heartfelt agreement with/objection to the idea that students should study together with classmates is contrary to/coincident with opinion of many people.Contrary to/coincident with opinion of many people is my heartfelt objection to/agreement with the idea that students should study together with classmates.句意“很多人认为。。。。，但是我的意见和他们不一样”可以放在一句话中说明白啦~~~分词或形容词短语提前至句首Those people /parents who hold the opinion that money is the only symbol of success are satisfied with /contented with /interested in /worried about /opposed to their children finding a high-paying and long-working job.Satisfied with /contented with / interested in /worried about /opposed to their children finding a high-paying and long-working job are those people /parents who hold the opinion that money is the only symbol of success.下面是倒装好的2个句子。Arguing for those students living outside campus are those people who hold the opinion that independence is the most important characteristic of a university student.Opposed to those students doing exercise are those who hold the opinion that academic study is the only task for students. 5）adj+though/as+主语+谓语+主句Though/although I am busy, I will go shopping with you.Busying as/though I am ,I will go shopping with you. Though his eyes are big , he can’t see anything.Big though his eyes are, he can’t see anything. Though he is young , he is brave.Young though he is , he is brave. Though he is rich, he is unhappy.Rich though he is , he is unhappy.
没倒装的：Though the advantages (that owning a business enjoys /leads to /results in ) are considerable /wonderful/numerous , they can not compete with the benefits (that working for others brings about /causes) , when / if responsibility is taken into consideration /deliberation /account. Though the advantages (that A enjoys / leads to /results in ) are considerable / wonderful /numerous , they can not compete with the benefits (that working for others/brings about/causes) ,when /if C taken into consideration /deliberation /account.带来好处A，带来好处B,需要考虑的 Though the advantages that living in outside the campus enjoys are considerable , they can not compete with the benefits that living in inside the campus brings about , when safety is taken into consideration, Though the advantages that learning by himself living enjoys are considerable , they can not compete with the benefit that learning with help of teacher brings about, when the convenience for obtaining help is taken into consideration. Though the advantages that satisfied the basic needs of human beings enjoys are considerable , they can not compete with the benefits that exploring the outerspace exploitation brings about, when the benefits of our offspring are taken into consideration.
倒装后的Considerable / wonderful /numerous though the advantages that owning a business enjoys / lead to /results in are, they can not compete with the benefit that working for others brings about /causes, when/if responsibility is taken into consideration/ deliberation/account. 通常用在第一段的最后面一句，用来提出文章的论点和理由，或在2-1承上启下
或者文章的结尾。Consideration /wonderful/numerous though the advantages that study at traditional school enjoys are, they can not compete with the benefits that studying at home by using advanced science and technology such as televisions and computers brings about, when convenience and low cost are taken into consideration. 6)表否定的副词或短语+助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分No/not/never/nor/neither-------完全否定Seldom/rarely/barely/scarcely/hardly------部分否定 Never will I form an idea that bicycles affect human beings’ life style most profoundly among all transportation means.=句意：I don’t think bicycles affect human beings’ life style most profoundly among all transportation means. Seldom did I visit my grandparents with my parents since I lived in a different city. 7) (only+状语)至于句首+助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分Only through this crisis do I understand that you love me best in the world.Only though learning at home by using the internet can we explore the widest range of sources of information. 4.比较结构和倍数关系
比较 as…..as….. A比B大四倍错误的表达：A is four times as big as B.------是错误的正确的表达：A is five times as big as B A is five times bigger than B. A is five times the sizes of B.The eyes of ZhaoWei are twice as big as those of LinyilianThe eyes of ZhaoWei are twice bigger than those of LinyilianThe eyes of ZhaoWei are twice the size of those of LinyilianZhaowei’s eyes are twice as big as Linyilian’s.-----要用都用’s 或者是用of
5.修辞问句1. if scientists can clone sheep, why can’t(此处不能用can not) they clone people?2. when human beings enjoy their happy life, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to those cute animals without enough playing ground.3. when human beings enjoy the benefits brought by outer space exploration, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to those poor people lack of enough clothing and food.4. when those people enjoy convenience brought by automobiles, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to the heavily polluted air those people who are injured severely(bad) in the car accident?5. when people enjoy convenience brought the construction plan, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to the heavily polluted air and those people who are injured severely or die in the car accidents because of the traffic jar after the construction of the factory?
6.并列结构Teaching machines are derives that can store instructional information, present displays, receive response from a learner, and act on those responses.并列结构最容易出错的地方：并列的部分并不一致
7.虚拟语气基本原则：虚拟语气中的时间比正事的时间向后推一个时间。现在----过去
过去----过去完成
将来-----过去将来时1）
阐述各种假定的恶劣后果时，可以实用虚拟语气。如果在我们小区建工厂，会产生很大的污染。（态度是反对建工厂，所以建工厂是虚拟的）If we built a factory in our community , there would be much pollution.如果每天搞学习不搞体育锻炼，学生的身体会垮，学习效率会很低。如果做游戏时只有赢了才会有兴趣，你的生活必将非常晦气。此处用will表示实现的可能性比较大，用would表示实现的可能性？》》》》2）
表示建议的时候，可以实用虚拟语气。如：我建议大学低年级的学生住在校内，高年级的学生住校外I suggest university students in lower grades live inside campus , those at higher grades live outside campus.3)论及不太可能会实现或不可能实现或不希望实现的事情，可以实用虚拟语气。如：如果从今年开始在全国实行免费的义务教育 9.插入语A few factory would contamination the living space of most of our town’s inhabitants to some degree.1) to some degree,____________2) a new factory would , to some degree,____________常用作插入语的副词（副词不能直接连接分句）Indeed/surely/nonetheless/however/nevertheless/notwithstanding/admittedly/obviously/besides/Furthermore/briefly/similarly（红字表示意思是一样的）Honest/frankly/generally (speaking)/naturally/luckily/fortunately/astonishingly/conversely/Undeniably/ undoubtedly.（红字表示意思一样）
常见的做插入语的形容词或者短语
令人惊奇的是---strange to say ,needless to say(不用说),most important of all/worst of all
介词短语
In sum/short/summary in my view/opinion/judgment
In other words in a sense in general in my view/opinion/judgment
In conclusion in the first place (第一点) in consequence in addition
on the contrary in contrast (相反)
to my joy/delight/satisfaction/surprise/astonishment/amazement/regret/disappointment
of course for instance/example in fact=as a matter of fact
常用作插入语的不定式关于
To be sure(surely) to sum up to tell the truth (frankly) to start with (firstly)
附录~~~句子的净化~一些专有名词自由女神像---the statue of liberty波士顿倾茶事件---the Boston Tea party长江（杨子江）---the Yangzi River密西西比河---The Mississippi River普利策奖---The Pulitzer Prize罗什摩尔山脉（青年公墓）---Mount Rushmore National memorial落基山脉---The Rocky Mountains麦当劳---MC Donald’s三所著名大学---harvard / Princeton /yale university毛主席---chairman Mao
周总理---The late Chinese premier Zhou
:40ouuoia四级......
~很好，加油~